Sergei Lemberg Shares His Tips and Strategies With Creditors at Compliance Symposium

Yesterday I attended the Midwest Compliance Symposium, a
training conference for creditors, hosted by Delta Outsource Group and CBE
Companies. One of the sessions featured a “fireside chat” (sans the fire) with
John Bedard and Sergei Lemberg, of Lemberg Law, a consumer attorney. Here’s what was said, expressed in excerpts
(not 100% verbatim), in a Q and A format.

Bedard: How do you find your clients?

Lemberg: I spend
approximately $50,000 per month on online advertising to buy keywords
(including terms such as debt attorney and harassing phone call).

Bedard: Do you advertise using the names of debt collectors?

Lemberg: I used
to, but I stopped buying pay-per-click ads using names of debt collectors a few
years ago. I just didn’t like the vibe of it. I still also use videos, and we
have an app, though it’s less successful than I had hoped – we still have about
25,000 members.

Bedard: Do you actually talk with the clients you represent?

Lemberg: Yes,
several humans talk with the consumers we represent. We have a multi-step
process that includes 1) intake with a paralegal, 2) online sign up, 3) talk
with an intake supervisor, 4) talk with a litigation paralegal, 5) speak with
an attorney (or maybe just communicate by email, if I don’t need further
clarity – but I give my attorneys leeway to make their own decisions about
this).

We also ask for screenshots or a voicemail recording of
calls, as well as certainty about revocation, if that is involved.

Midwest Compliance Symposium - Lemberg and Bedard - photo by Stephanie Eidelman

Bedard: How many of your cases end up in law suits, and can you tell us
about how you proceed?

Lemberg: We send
demand letters first. About 25% end up in law suits.

Some simply ignore the letters.

Sometimes there is a disagreement – a consumer says x
happened; defendant says y happened. Those cases will get filed as long as the
plaintiff is believable.

Sometimes the company won’t share call recordings; sometimes
they do. If the evidence rebuts our client’s claim, the case is dropped. If the
evidence rebuts the claim, but we notice another actionable claim, we will send
a new demand based on that claim.

People come to us because they are pissed or don’t know
where to turn. That’s about 95%. Some are “case fishers”… you can tell who
those are. I don’t want those cases.

Bedard: How many
demands/law suits do you file?

Lemberg: We file
about 250 pre-suit demands per month, and about 50-60 lawsuits per month. About
65% of the time cases are settled.

Bedard: How do you determine what amount to demand?

Lemberg: No
defendant will settle a case for 100 cents on the dollar. So we try to find a
middle ground that’s reasonable and appropriate but doesn’t make defendants
want to run to court.

Bedard: How do you charge your clients?

Lemberg: We don’t
earn anything unless we win. We eat what we kill.

Bedard: What happens to your expenses when you lose a case?

Lemberg: We write
off expenses when we don’t win. Clients are not out of pocket – except when
they have been deceptive – then we will bill them.

Bedard: Do you tell people not to pay their debts?

Lemberg: I don’t
get involved in the debt… unless I am hired to represent someone on a debt
collection matter. There are just too many variables.

Bedard: Do you encourage people to complain to the government?

Lemberg: No, we
don’t encourage people to file complaints.

Bedard: Do you have relationships with Attorneys General or other
authorities?

Lemberg: There was
a time when we had a relationship (a brief 6 month stint) with an app called
PrivacyStar. I think they sent complaints directly to the CFPB or FCC. But not
any longer.

Bedard: What effect will proposed rules have on the industry and your
business?

Lemberg: I don’t
know, folks. I’m just sitting here enjoying the here and now. I really don’t
know what will happen.

Bedard: Do you file claims in “grey” areas?

Lemberg: I kind
of like uncertainty because it allows for banks and collectors to do what they
want to do, and it allows us to do what we want to do.

Bedard: What would you do if you weren’t a consumer lawyer?

Lemberg: I don’t
know… I’d take photographs… pick vegetables… I’d develop hobbies.

Bedard: What do you like least about being a consumer lawyer?

Lemberg: Here’s
an example – yesterday I drove two hours each way to a hearing for a case. It
didn’t go my client’s way and they were very upset. I don’t like the often
thankless, entitled segment. People expect things you can’t always deliver and
they don’t appreciate what you do for them.

Bedard: The CFPB boasts about how much they recover for consumers. How
much have you recovered?

Lemberg: I’m really
not sure… I’m guessing $15 million. I think the CFPB boasting is a bunch of
*&#$. They get hundreds of thousands of complaints. If they gave those to
me, I’d get action and recover money for those people.

Bedard: How do folks beat you?

Lemberg: I think
smart lawyers find opportunities to make a point, but you can’t be aggressive
in all cases. Find the right jurisdiction and the right judge, and make a point
with that judge… because they’ve been before that judge and know what will
appeal to them. It’s not a replicatable strategy, but it’s effective.

Bedard: Have you thought about defending creditors?

Lemberg: Yeah, in
retirement. I like what I do, but I’m not politically attached to it.

Bedard: Is there anyone you won’t sue?

Lemberg: No. I’m
an equal opportunity “suist.” I take particular delight in suing a defendant
where the attorney is clearly trying so hard to make a point, thinking I won’t
ever try to sue them again. Well, I will, and here it is.

Bedard: What advice would you offer to collectors?

Lemberg: Don’t
piss people off. When you’ve reached the wrong person, apologize, stop,
document the call, and make sure you take responsibility for going to your
supervisor and get the number removed from the dialer.

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8th Circuit: Debt Collector May Call Third Party More Than Once Without Violating FDCPA

This article previously
appeared on the Burr Foreman blog and is re-published here with permission.
Katherine West also contributed to this article.

Katherine West also
contributed to this article.

In Kuntz v.
Rodenburg LLP
, No. 15-2777, – F.3d –, 2016 WL 5219884 (8th Cir. Sept. 22,
2016), the Eighth Circuit held that a law firm hired to collect a debt did not
violate § 1692b(3) of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”) when it
made multiple calls to a third party to obtain information about the debtor.[1] Section 1692b(3) prohibits debt
collectors from communicating more than once with a person other than the
debtor (“third party”) in order to obtain information about the debtor’s
location unless the third party requests to be contacted or the debt collector
“reasonably believes that the earlier response . . . is
erroneous or incomplete and that such person now has correct or complete
information.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692b(3). The Eighth Circuit determined that the
law firm reasonably believed its first conversation with the third party was
incomplete and, therefore, did not violate § 1692b(3) by calling the third
party two additional times.

Kuntz filed a lawsuit
against Rodenburg LLP (“Rodenburg”) alleging that Rodenburg violated the FDCPA
by calling him in connection with his daughter’s credit card debt. See
Kuntz
, 2016 WL 5219884, at *1. Specifically, Kuntz asserted that Rodenburg
violated the FDCPA by calling him more than once to obtain location information
about his daughter and calling numerous times to harass him. See id. In
fact, Rodenburg had autodialed Kuntz’s landline number twelve times between
December 18, 2013 and January 20, 2014 with no response. See id. When
Kuntz returned Rodenburg’s call on January 20, 2014, the law firm asked if
Kuntz had a contact number for his daughter to which Kuntz responded “Ah, let
me call her and find out what she’s been getting.” Id. Rodenburg
made two subsequent phone calls to Kuntz. See id. Kuntz
claimed that the two subsequent calls violated § 1692b(3). See
generally id.

The Eighth Circuit held
that Rodenburg did not violate § 1692b(3). The Court explained that the first
twelve calls to Kuntz “were not ‘communications’ because ‘they did not convey
that Rodenburg was calling about the debt.’” Id. at *2
(quoting Zortman v. J.C. Cristensen & Assocs., 870 F. Supp. 2d
694, 704–05 (D. Minn. 2012). Kuntz did not disagree with the Court’s assessment
of the first twelve calls. See id. Instead, Kuntz argued that
the calls that occurred after the January 20, 2014 conversation violated
§ 1692b(3). See generally id. Kuntz argued that the
January 20, 2014 conversation was the one conversation permitted by
§ 1692b(3) and, therefore, the two calls made after the January 20, 2014
conversation violated § 1692b(3). The Eighth Circuit, however, found that the
two post-January 20, 2014 calls did not violate § 1692b(3) because
Rodenburg reasonably believed that the information provided on January 20, 2014
was incomplete and that “Kuntz had or could obtain location information about
his daughter.” Id. The Court explained that during the January
20, 2014 conversation, “Kuntz did not refuse to provide location information or
state that he could not provide it. He did not even say that [his daughter]
could not be reached at the number Rodenburg autodialed.” Id. at
*2. Thus, the Court determined that “it was objectively reasonable for
Rodenburg to believe that . . . Kuntz had or could obtain
location information about his daughter . . . permitting a
follow-up call to learn if he had acquired or was now willing to provide [the
information].” Id.The Eighth Circuit’s decision thus indicates that
debt collectors may make more than one call to a third party to obtain
information about a debtor provided the third party has not expressly indicated
that no such information is available and the debt collector reasonably
believes that the third party possessed or could obtain such information.

[1] The Court also held that the debt
collection firm did not violate § 1692d(5) because the firm’s fourteen
calls between December 19, 2013 and January 27, 2014 “did not rise to the level
of harassment as a matter of law.” See Kuntz, 2016 WL 5219884, at
*3.

 

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IRS Announces New Private Debt Collection Program, Four Collection Agency Contracts

Yesterday, the
IRS announced that it plans to begin private collection of certain overdue
federal tax debts next spring and has selected four contractors to implement
the new program. The complete press release can be found here.

The new program, authorized
under a federal law enacted by Congress last December
, enables designated contractors to collect,
on the government’s behalf, outstanding inactive tax receivables.

As a condition of receiving a contract, the agencies
selected must respect taxpayer rights including, among other things, abiding by
the consumer protection provisions of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. The
IRS has selected the following contractors to carry out this program:
CBE Group (Cedar Falls, Iowa), ConServe (Fairport, N.Y.), Performant (Livermore, Calif.) and Pioneer (Horseheads, N.Y.).

insideARM Perspective

The issue of use pf private collection agencies has been
highly controversial. We wrote about the issues in a story published on July 15, 2015. That story was
written in response to a Huffington Post
article published the prior week that we felt distorted the facts surrounding
the issue.

This will be the third attempt by the IRS to make this
program work.  The earlier attempts were
in 1996 and 2006. As noted in the July 15, 2015 article, reports about the
prior “failed” attempts have often
been factually inaccurate. See also an excellent insideARM
article
written by Patrick Lunsford on October 27, 2010 about
the problems with the decision to end the second attempt in 2010.

Industry experts contacted by insideARM are hopeful that
this program will be different. The feeling is that current IRS leadership is
more likely to do the things necessary to make the new program successful.

The press release addresses 3 key issues and offers
explanation to support the new program.

Types of Accounts

“These private collection agencies
will work on accounts where taxpayers owe money, but the IRS is no longer
actively working their accounts. Several factors contribute to the IRS
assigning these accounts to private collection agencies, including older,
overdue tax accounts or lack of resources preventing the IRS from working the
cases.”

This statement clearly justifies the use of private
collection agencies. The private collection agencies are not taking work away from IRS employees. Rather, the
private agencies will be working on accounts that IRS agents are not currently working.

Notices to Taxpayers
– Need to Avoid Taxpayer Confusion

“The IRS will give each taxpayer
and their representative written notice that their account is being transferred
to a private collection agency. The agency will then send a second, separate
letter to the taxpayer and their representative confirming this transfer.

Private
collection agencies will be able to identify themselves as contractors of the
IRS collecting taxes. Employees of these collection agencies must follow the
provisions of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act and must be courteous and
respect taxpayer rights.

The IRS will do
everything it can to help taxpayers avoid confusion and understand their rights
and tax responsibilities, particularly in light of continual phone scams where
callers impersonate IRS agents and request immediate payment.

Private collection agencies will not ask
for payment on a prepaid debit card. Taxpayers will be informed about
electronic payment options for taxpayers on IRS.gov/Pay Your Tax Bill. Payment
by check should be payable to the U.S. Treasury and sent directly to IRS, not
the private collection agency.”

These items are very important. Taxpayers need to know and will
know that the private collection agencies have authority to work the accounts
and that collection efforts are legitimate and not part of some criminal scam.
We are also certain that there will be significant additional details that will
be developed between now and the Spring of 2017 to create policies, procedures
and methodology to assure taxpayers that the private debt collector efforts are
legitimate.

Finally, the entire ARM industry should be watching this
program intently and hoping for success and no negative publicity.  If the program is successful, there is a
likelihood the program could be expanded in the future. That would create
opportunities for other ARM companies.

Congratulations and good luck to the selected companies.

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insideARM Launches Newly Designed Website

Visitors to www.insidearm.com today will experience a fresh, sleek design, and the same comprehensive and reliable information users have come to expect from the most trusted industry news site. 

Thanks to Herculean efforts by Jeffrey Hearn, Web Developer at insideARM, the new site was launched this morning, 27 September, and we’ve already received positive feedback about the changes. “Very nice,”  one reader wrote. “I went there today and thought – Am I in the same place?  Is this the same company? Looks very good!  Clean and well organized.”

What You Can Expect

  • Improved Site Search – We’re working to make searching our archives easier, with the ability to isolate a date range you’re interested in and also provide editor-curated results for the most-popular search terms (in the near future).
  • More Cohesive Look and Feel – We’ve used a popular user interface toolkit so that buttons, links, and text are easier to see and interact with. This also means that articles will look great in print or on your phone.
  • Speed – No one wants to wait around for pages to load, so we made performance a priority. Now our most-viewed content will load instantly.
  • New Branding – You may have seen our new logo crop up on webinars or in our downloadable products, but now we have a fresh new logo to go with our new website.
  • A More-Capable Platform – We’ve had many ideas for new types of content to bring our audience, but haven’t had a platform to realize them on — until now. Stay tuned for more features in the coming months.

We’ve also made improvements to our FDCPA and TCPA resources pages so that they are now easily printable, with formatting that looks great on paper or on the screen.

We’d love to hear from all of our readers about what they think of the revamped insideARM — what is working for you, and what is tripping you up. You can email all of us at editor@insideARM.com.

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New HFMA Study Examines Rise of Self-Pay

A new study from the Healthcare Financial Management
Association (HFMA) – “Self Pay and the Benefits of Prospective PatientEngagement” – finds that more patients are paying healthcare providers
themselves. The study shows that self-pay has “increased by 10 percent during
the last five years,” as high-deductible health plans (HDHPs) have become more
common. 

HFMA highlights the following findings from the study’s respondents:

  • Patient
    payment is rising, with hospitals seeing a 10% increase in self-pay dollars
    during the past five years.
  • More
    hospitals have mandatory pre- or point-of-service collections processes for
    outpatient services, with that number rising from 9% of hospitals in 2009 to
    32% in 2015.
  • About
    20% of respondents indicated “high capabilities for pricing and patient
    education related to billing and administrative expectations,” showing there’s
    plenty of room for hospitals to educate patients more about this topic.
  • About
    17% of respondents indicated “high capabilities for pre-service automation,
    forecasting, and prioritizing financially eligible patient accounts.”
  • When
    it comes to engaging patients about paying for their health care, respondents
    rated pre-service pricing as the most important priority.
  • When
    it comes to engaging patients about paying for their health care, respondents
    rated pre-service pricing as the most important priority.

In addition to highlighting the impact of changing self-pay
practices on healthcare providers, the HFMA study also notes that the recent rise
of high-deductible health plans (HDHPs) makes payment more challenging for some
patients. The study highlights that 25% of adults with health insurance still aren’t
sure if they can afford to pay for major medical expenses. This is especially
true for adults with HDHPs, and such individuals are “more likely to think about
costs when making healthcare decisions” and “are especially likely to worry
about the effects of healthcare costs of personal finances.”

The concern about patients having the ability to
pay their medical expenses affects healthcare providers as well. HFMA points
out that “Medicaid expansion, HDHP trends, and healthcare provider
organizations’ adoption of improved charity care identification processes and
pre- and point-of-care financial discussions are likely to impact future trends
in bad debt,” and that today “the rate of bad debt is increasing at well over
30% per year” in some hospitals.

insideARM Perspective

This HFMA study points various ways that the relationship
between patients and their medical expenses is changing due to the increased
prevalence of HDHPs. Communicating with patients is key – both about the
expenses associated with a medical procedure and the expectations about how and
when patients should pay for their care.

HFMA also included numerous instructive “Focus
Areas for Self-Pay Process Improvement” that healthcare providers should
consider when determining their self-pay policies and procedures, such as:

  • Use
    patient-friendly communications and consistent messaging.
  • Give
    patients access to payment estimates at or before time of care.
  • Engage
    with patients early about issues and options when it comes to paying the bill.
  • Ensure
    patients have access to financial counseling.
  • Learn,
    benchmark, and share best practices.

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Stellar Recovery Chief Information Officer, Joe Tenga, Named Best CIO in Jacksonville

JACKSONVILLE, Fla. — Stellar Recovery Inc. is
proud to announce that our Chief Information Officer, Joe Tenga, has been named
the Jacksonville Business Journal’s BizTech Innovation Awards Best CIO. Joe
Tenga is an IT professional with over 25 years of diverse business and technical
experience in numerous industries including Healthcare, Payment Processing, and
IT Management consulting.  As Chief
Information Officer of Stellar Recovery he has been integral in streamlining and
revolutionizing many of the technical processes that have better positioned
Stellar Recovery within the industry. These changes have enabled Stellar to engage
consumers to settle their debt quickly and fairly through multiple digital
channels such as Stellar’s newly revamped Payment Portal and IVR, as well as
corporate desktop and mobile websites. 

[article_ad]

Joe’s undertakings have
greatly helped Stellar’s bottom line by reducing IT operating expenses. By
automating file processing, Joe recaptured wasted time and money spent on
manual data file exchanges with clients and vendors.  Implementation of a new Hosted VoiP solution
realized savings of over $50k per year, while simultaneously delivering
significant Unified Communications capabilities to the enterprise. 

Joe’s focus extends
beyond the IT organization, as he also worked to eliminate excessive email
communications that were costing the enterprise an estimated $170K per year in
wasted time.  Most recently, Joe commissioned a secure, cloud-based PDF
and Audio Archive application that will deliver self-service capabilities to
both Stellar Recovery staff and clients, while saving approximately $50K per
year on archive fees.  

Joe Tenga is determined
to make Stellar Recovery an industry leader by leveraging advanced technology.
His passion for IT is an inspiration to the team that he leads and to the
organization that values his professionalism and leadership.

Stellar Recovery, Inc.
is located in Jacksonville, FL. Please visit the new mobile website at
www.stellarrecoveryinc.com

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Pair of CBE Speakers to Present on TCPA, FCRA Compliance at Midwest Compliance Symposium

CEDAR FALLS, Iowa – A pair of CBE Companies (CBE) leaders will deliver key presentations at the Midwest Compliance Symposium Sept. 26 -28 in St. Louis.

CBE is co-hosting the Midwest Compliance Symposium for all professionals and credit originators of Financial, Telecommunications, Healthcare, Utility and Television industries.

Mike Frost, CBE Chief Compliance, Sales Officer and General Counsel, will be joined by Attorney Dale Golden of Golden Scaz Gagain, PPLC in presenting the impact of CBE’s recent Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) court victory and its impact on the credit and collections industry. In Strauss v. CBE, the court confirmed CBE’s Manual Clicker Application does not constitute an automatic telephone dialing system, therefore mitigating the expensive regulatory risk the TCPA poses for calling consumers’ cell phones.

Frost is a leader in the collection industry, frequently delivering presentations on compliance issues at industry events across the nation. In 2011 and 2012, Frost was named among the Top 25 Most Influential Collection Professionals by Collection Advisor. In 2014 he was named to the Who’s Who in Collections by the same magazine. Frost is a member of the ACA International Board of Directors and was awarded the 2014 Members’ Attorney Program designation. In 2015 Frost served on a panel for the Federal Trade Commission Debt Collection Dialogue.

Dan Rohrs, CBE Director, Compliance Officer and Counsel, will be joined by David Kaminski of Carlson & Messer LLP in presenting on the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) and recent litigation and regulatory actions. They will provide guidance to stay in compliance with the FCRA rules.

Rohrs manages and oversees all of CBE’s quality assurance and compliance activities and personnel. His responsibilities include participating in the definition and development of corporate policies, procedures and programs, ensuring regulatory principles are embedded within all respective business functions and overseeing the continuous development of CBE’s compliance management system.

About CBE Companies

Founded in 1933, CBE Companies is a global provider of outsourced call center services focused on connecting people to solutions. The company specializes in receivables management and customer care services. This narrow focus has enabled the company to be an expert in every aspect of the business. From a one-of-a-kind culture immersion approach to a proven ramp process, CBE’s focused expertise saves its partners money and enables them to focus on their core business.

CBE approaches every business relationship as a strategic partnership. The company shares in its partners’ successes and failures and strives to create more of the former and less of the latter. CBE firmly believes transparency and communication are the cornerstones in the foundation for success. The company’s approach to a strategic partnership begins with open communication; this assures CBE partners that the team handling their business is committed to delivering customer insights, ideas and new ways to accomplish goals.

With more than 1,300 people in six locations globally, CBE Companies can deliver the right solution in the right location(s) for your ever-changing business needs. Its corporate headquarters is located in Cedar Falls, Iowa, with two facilities in Waterloo, Iowa, and additional facilities in Overland Park, Kansas; New Braunfels, Texas and Manila, Philippines. The organization is consistently recognized as a local Employer of Choice. It has also been recognized by Workplace Dynamics as one of Iowa’s Top Workplaces. For more information about CBE Companies, please visit www.cbecompanies.com or call 888-386-0273.

CBE Companies Press Kit

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LocateSmarter to Speak at Midwest Compliance Symposium about Using Call Disposition Data to Mitigate Risk and Improve Performance

CEDAR FALLS, Iowa – Chance Hoskinson, Product Manager of Batch Services at LocateSmarter, will speak at the Midwest Compliance Symposium on Wednesday, September 28 at 8:45am. The event will focus on compliance-related topics surrounding the accounts receivable industry.

During Hoskinson’s session, “Using Disposition Data to Close the Loop,” he will share three examples of collection agencies using call disposition data to reduce wrong numbers, mitigate risk and improve recovery rates through phone behavior analytics.

Hoskinson commented, “The CFPB’s proposals will impact the accounts receivable industry drastically. Businesses will have to get very strategic with their disposition data analysis and use the results to mitigate risk and maximize communication attempts. They will need to know the optimal time of day to dial their numbers and which data providers are returning the best quality data. We can no longer rely on assumption-based models; we need hard facts and analytics.”

LocateSmarter provides its clients with batch and manual skip tracing products as well as analytics professional services. For more information on LocateSmarter’s speaker or their products, please visit www.locatesmarter.com.

The symposium will be held at Ameristar St Charles located near Saint Louis, September 26-28. To view the full conference agenda, visit http://www.cvent.com/events/2016-midwest-compliance-symposium/.

About LocateSmarter®

LocateSmarter, LLC, a subsidiary of CBE Companies, was formed in 2012 with a mission to deliver next generation, cloud-based skip trace solutions for accounts receivable management and collection purposes. The company offers batch skip tracing products, a manual search platform, and analytics professional services.

LocateSmarter has been recognized as an Employer of Choice and received the 2016 Top Collection Product Award. These awards can be attributed to LocateSmarter’s key values:

  • Data Quality – Increasing regulatory compliance and operational efficiency by focusing on accuracy and customization
  • Data Transparency/Analytics – Providing measurable data so businesses can make educated decisions about their skip tracing strategies
  • Agility – Ensuring that businesses are able to quickly adapt and customize their products/processes in order to comply with government regulations and client requirements
  • Efficient Vendor Management – Simplifying vendor management with a full suite of innovative data and compliance solutions, centralized billing, dedicated support and more

For more information on LocateSmarter and its products, please visit www.locatesmarter.com or call 888-254-5501.

 

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Accounts Receivable Management

3rd Cir. Holds No TCPA Coverage Under Business Owners Insurance Policy

This article was originally published on the Maurice Wutscher blog and is republished here with permission.

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit recently held that a business-owners insurance policy did not cover a class action judgment that arose out of unsolicited advertisement communications in violation of the federal Telephone Consumer Protection Act.

A copy of the opinion in Auto-Owners Insurance Company v. Stevens & Ricci Inc. is available here.

A business was solicited by an advertiser who claimed to have a fax advertising program that complied with the TCPA, 47 U.S.C. § 227. The business allowed the advertiser to fax thousands of advertisements to potential customers on its behalf.

Six years later, a class action lawsuit was filed against the business, claiming that the advertisements violated the TCPA, which prohibits the “use [of] any telephone facsimile machine, computer, or other device to send, to a telephone facsimile machine, an unsolicited advertisement …”

In the class action, the class representative asserted that it had neither invited nor given the business permission to send the faxes, and that the unsolicited faxes had damaged the recipients by causing them to waste paper and toner in the printing process, lose the use of their fax machines when the advertisements were being received, and the faxes had also interrupted the class members’ “privacy interest.”

During the time that the unsolicited faxes were sent to the class members, the business was covered by a business owners insurance policy. The policy obligated the insurer to “pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of ‘bodily injury’, ‘property damage’, ‘personal injury’ or ‘advertising injury’ to which this insurance applies.”

The insurer agreed to defend the business in the class action, but reserved its right to later challenge whether the sending of unsolicited faxes fell within the terms of the insurance policy’s coverage.

One year later, the class action settled and the parties agreed to entry of judgment in favor of the class against the business for $2 million. The class also agreed to seek recovery of the judgment only from the insurer. The trial court entered an order and final judgment approving the settlement and entering the judgment against the business. In its order, the trial court specifically found that the business “did not willfully or knowingly violate the TCPA.”

By that time, the insurer had already filed a declaratory judgment action against the business to clarify its obligations under the policy and seeking a declaration that the policy did not provide coverage for the claims in the class action and that the insurer did not owe the business any duty to defend or indemnify.

The insurer and the class representative each moved for summary judgment in the declaratory judgment action, and the trial court concluded that the sending of unsolicited faxes to the class members did not cause the sort of injury that fell within the policy’s definition of either “property damage” or “advertising injury.” The trial court granted the insurer’s motion for summary judgment and denied the class representative’s cross-motion. The class representative appealed.

On appeal, the class representative first argued that the trial court did not have jurisdiction to hear the case. The insurer had brought its declaratory relief action under the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201.

As you may recall, the DJA does not itself create an independent basis for federal jurisdiction, but instead provides a remedy for controversies otherwise properly within the court’s subject matter jurisdiction. Skelly Oil Co. v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 339 U.S. 667, 671-72 (1950). Declaratory judgment actions do not directly involve the award of monetary damages, but “it is well established that the amount in controversy [in such actions] is measured by the value of the object of the litigation.” Hunt v. Wash. State Apple Advert. Comm’n, 432 U.S. 333, 347 (1977).

In bringing its declaratory judgment action, the insurer had invoked diversity jurisdiction, which requires that the parties must be completely diverse, meaning that “no plaintiff can be a citizen of the same state as any of the defendants,” and that the “matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000.” 28 U.S.C. § 1332.

Here, there was no dispute that the parties were completely diverse, because the insurer was based and incorporated in Michigan, while the business was based and incorporated in Arizona, and the class representative was based and incorporated in Pennsylvania.

However, although the business and the class representative were ultimately fighting over the insurer’s obligation to pay a $2 million judgment against the business, that judgment was based on the settlement of the underlying class action lawsuit in which the individual claims of each class member fell well below the $75,000 amount-in-controversy threshold.

In general, the distinct claims of separate plaintiffs cannot be aggregated when determining the amount in controversy. Werwinski v. Ford Motor Co., 286 F.3d 661, 666 (3d Cir. 2002).

The class representative argued that the insurer, by adding up the potential damages owed to each of the various class members, improperly aggregated those claims to cross the jurisdictional threshold. The class representative argued that this action was a multi-party dispute between the insurer and the multiplicity of class claimants.

The insurer disagreed, arguing that the case was only between it and its insured — the business. The insurer argued that in coverage litigation commenced by an insurer, the focus is on the amount the insurer will owe to its insured or the value of its coverage obligation.

Given those two competing positions, the Third Circuit had to decide whether the case was a dispute between the insurer and the many class members (which would give rise to aggregation problems) or a dispute between the insurer and its insured concerning its overall obligation to defend and indemnify under the policy.

The Court had never previously addressed this question, and therefore relied on the opinion of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Meridian Security Insurance Company v. Sadowski, 441 F.3d 536 (7th Cir. 2006). There, much like this case, an insurer sought a declaratory judgment against its insured to avoid any obligation to defend a class action alleging that the insured had sent unsolicited fax advertisements in violation of the TCPA.

In Sadowski, as in this case, the underlying class action was still pending at the time the declaratory judgment action was filed. In Sadowski, the Seventh Circuit concluded that the district court indeed had diversity jurisdiction, and rejected the very same argument that the class representative advanced in this case.

According to Sadowski, the “insurer [had] not aggregated multiple parties’ claims. From its perspective there was only one claim – by its insured, for the sum of defense and indemnity costs.” The Seventh Circuit thus held that “the anti-aggregation rule does not apply … just because the unitary controversy between these parties reflects the sum of many smaller controversies.”

The Third Circuit adopted the Sadowski reasoning. Viewing this case from the perspective of the insurer at the time of filing of the declaratory judgment complaint, the Court held that the insurer’s quarrel was with the business regarding its indemnity obligation under the policy. According to the Court, the only “amount in controversy” that the insurer was then concerned with was its total indemnity and defense obligation. Thus, the Court held that the insurer’s dispute was thus with its insured, not the class, and its overall liability was not legally certain to fall below the jurisdictional minimum.

Accordingly, the Third Circuit held that satisfaction of the amount-in-controversy requirement did not violate the anti-aggregation rule, and the trial court had diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332.

The ultimate question was whether the sending of the faxes fell under the policy’s definition of either “property damage” or “advertising injury,” as a matter of state law.

First, however, the Court of Appeal had to determine which state’s law to apply. Chamberlain v. Giampapa, 210 F.3d 154, 158 (3d Cir. 2000).

Because the policy did not contain a choice-of-law provision, the Court of Appeals had to apply the choice of law rules of the forum state to determine which state’s substantive law applied. Kruzits v. Okuma Mach. Tool, Inc., 40 F.3d 52, 55 (3d Cir. 1994). As in all applications of state law, the Court’s task was to predict how the state Supreme Court would rule if it were deciding the case. Norfolk S. Ry. Co. v. Basell USA Inc., 512 F.3d 86, 91-92 (3d Cir. 2008).

The insurer urged the Court of Appeal to apply Pennsylvania law, because Pennsylvania was the forum state for both the declaratory judgment case and the class action.

The class representative, however, argued that Arizona law should apply, emphasizing the many connections between the policy and that state – i.e., the business was based and incorporated there; the underwriting file on the policy indicates that the insurance quote was by an agency based in Arizona; the application for insurance was submitted to the insurer’s branch in Arizona and reviewed by an underwriter there; and the decision to insure the business was made entirely within the Mesa, Arizona branch. Essentially, the class representative argued that Arizona law should apply because that is where the insurance contract was formed.

Because the action was filed in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, the Third Circuit applied Pennsylvania choice-of-law rules.

Before 1964, Pennsylvania courts applied the law of the place where the contract was formed (“lex loci contractus”). That stood in contrast to the rule in tort cases, which required application of the law of the place where the injury occurred (“lex loci delicti”). In Griffith v. United Air Lines, Inc., the Pennsylvania Supreme Court abandoned the “lex loci delicti” rule for torts “in favor of a more flexible rule which permits analysis of the policies and interests underlying the particular issue before the court.”

The Griffith court did not address whether its new flexible approach to choice-of-law questions would also apply to contract claims, thus also displacing the “lex loci contractus” rule. Nor had the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania ever addressed that issue.

The Third Circuit had, however, addressed this issue twice before. Almost 40 years ago, in Melville v. Am. Home Assurance Co., 584 F.2d 1306, 1312 (3d Cir. 1978), it predicted that Pennsylvania would extend its Griffith methodology to contract actions.

More recently, in Hammersmith v. TIG Insurance Co., 480 F.3d 220, 226-29 (3d Cir. 2007), the Third Circuit again concluded that Pennsylvania would apply Griffith’s flexible approach to choice-of-law questions in contract cases, noting that in Budtel Associates, LP v. Continental Casualty Company, the Pennsylvania Superior Court had concluded that the Commonwealth’s precedents mandated that it follow the Griffith rule in the contract law context.

The class representative argued that the previous “lex loci contractus” rule should control and that the Third Circuit should apply Arizona law. The Court rejected the class representative’s arguments, noting that the class representative cited no intervening Pennsylvania authority that called the Court’s prediction in Hammersmith into question. Accordingly, the Court applied Griffith’s flexible choice-of-law analysis.

Under the Griffith approach, “the first step in a choice of law analysis under Pennsylvania law is to determine whether a conflict exists between the laws of the competing states.” If there are no relevant differences between the laws of the two states, the court need not engage in further choice-of-law analysis, and may instead refer to the states’ laws interchangeably.

To determine whether a conflict existed, the Third Circuit had to decide whether Arizona and Pennsylvania law disagreed on the proper scope of the coverage applicable in this case.

The class representative argued that there were two significant conflicts between Arizona and Pennsylvania substantive law. First, it argued that a basic Pennsylvania principle of contract interpretation – that courts enforce unambiguous policy language – did not apply to the interpretation of insurance contracts under Arizona law. Instead, the class representative argued that Arizona courts interpret insurance contracts by looking to the reasonable expectations of the insured.

According to the class representative, in Arizona, even clear and unambiguous boilerplate language is ineffective if it contravenes the insured’s reasonable expectations.

The Third Circuit observed that the class representative was using the “reasonable expectation” test to conduct a 50-state legal survey and to argue that Arizona’s law must be whatever the prevailing legal theory was across the country since that prevailing law is inherently “reasonable.”

The class representative argued that in order for the insurer to show that its policy interpretation was consistent with a reasonable insured’s expectations, the insurer must demonstrate that the interpretation adopted explicitly or implicitly by courts nationwide is unreasonable.

The Third Circuit rejected the class representative’s argument. To begin with, the Court did not agree with the class representative that there was a conflict, noting that both states gave dispositive weight to clear and unambiguous insurance contract language. But, even if a conflict had existed, the court held that the class representative failed to explain how or why using the “reasonable expectation” test would result in a conflict in the applicable substantive law.

Therefore, the Court rejected the class representative’s argument, noting that the argument misstated the nature of the Court’s inquiry. When sitting in diversity and conducting a choice-of-law analysis pursuant to Pennsylvania conflict principles, the Court’s job is only to evaluate any conflict between the laws of Arizona and Pennsylvania.

The class representative, however, had failed to argue that those two states’ laws were different in any way that actually changed the meaning of either of the relevant terms of the policy: “property damage” or “advertising injury.”

The Court noted that the class representative’s argument was thus not only wrong on the law (the states’ laws did not conflict in how they interpreted insurance contracts), but was also irrelevant because it failed to connect the purported conflict to the applicable law.

The class representative’s second alleged conflict was more tenable and related to the differing interpretations of Arizona and Pennsylvania courts as to the meaning of “property damage.”

The policy required that any covered “property damage” be caused by an “occurrence,” which is defined as an “accident.” The policy did not define the term “accident,” although it did exclude from coverage any property damage “expected or intended from the standpoint of the insured.”

The class representative argued that the two states define an “accident” differently. It argued that the two states’ laws conflicted over whether an insurance policy that covers “accidents” would extend to the “unintended consequences of intentional acts,” in this instance, damage to a fax recipient from an intentionally sent fax.

The class representative argued that Pennsylvania law would result in such damages being excluded from coverage, whereas Arizona law would cover its claim as an “accident.”

Once again, the Court rejected the class representative’s argument, noting that under both Pennsylvania and Arizona law the claim would be excluded from coverage.

The Court relied on the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania case of Donegal Mutual Insurance Co. v. Baumhammers, 938 A.2d 286, 292 (Pa. 2007), where the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania said that when “accident” is undefined in an insurance policy, Pennsylvania courts should treat the term as “refer[ing] to an unexpected and undesirable event occurring unintentionally ….”

Baumhammers stood for the premise that even intentional acts of third parties could still be a covered “accident.” Baumhammers involved a killing spree perpetrated by the son of the insured. The estates of several of the victims sued both the son and his parents, alleging, among other claims, negligence on the part of the parents “in failing to take possession of [his] gun and/or alert law enforcement authorities or mental health care providers about [their son’s] dangerous propensities.” The parents sought coverage under their insurance, which covered claims for bodily injury caused by an “accident.”

The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held that, with respect to the insured parents, the shootings qualified as an “accident” under the policy, because “[t]he extraordinary shooting spree embarked upon by [the son] resulting in injuries to [the victims] cannot be said to be the natural and expected result of [his parent’s] alleged acts of negligence.” Thus, the injuries were caused by an event so unexpected, undersigned, and fortuitous as to qualify as accidental within the terms of the policy.

Here, by contrast, the Third Circuit noted that the class representative’s claimed injury was the use of ink, toner, and time that was caused by the receipt of junk faxes, which were the natural and expected result of the intentional sending of faxes, a far cry from Pennsylvania’s definition of an “accident.”

Although it did not intend injury, the business clearly intended for the third-party advertiser to send the fax advertisements to the members of the class. The Court, concluding that Pennsylvania courts would reject coverage of the claim, observed that any sender of a fax knows that its recipient will need to consume paper and toner and will temporarily lose the use of its fax line.

The Court rejected the class representative’s argument that Arizona law would cover its claim as an “accident,” noting that Arizona law defines an “accident” much the same as Pennsylvania law, relying on Lennar Corp. v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 151 P.3d 538, 547 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2007), and Lennar Corp. v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 151 P.3d 538, 547 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2007).

Thus, the Court concluded that there was no conflict between Pennsylvania and Arizona law on the question of whether the damage to the class members was covered under the policy’s definition of “property damage,” holding that under either state’s law, there is no coverage because the alleged injury was not the result of an “accident.” It was the foreseeable result of the intentional sending of faxes to the class recipients.

Finally, the class representative argued that coverage was available because the damage to class members from receipt of the junk faxes qualified as “advertising injury” under the policy. Because the class representative did not contend that the Arizona definition of “advertising injury” differed from Pennsylvania, the Court looked solely to Pennsylvania law to answer that question.

The Court again rejected the class representative’s argument, concluding that the claimed injury fell outside of the scope of the policy’s coverage.

The policy defined “advertising injury” as, among other things: “Oral or written publication of material that violates a person’s right of privacy.” Although the policy did not define the term “privacy,” numerous state and federal courts have considered whether violations of the TCPA are covered by insurance policies that include similar or identical language to that at issue.

The Third Circuit relied on the Pennsylvania Superior Court case of Telecommunications Network Design v. Brethren Mutual Insurance Co., which divided “right of privacy” into two broad categories: the privacy interest in secrecy and the privacy interest in seclusion. Secrecy-based privacy rights protect private information, while seclusion-based privacy rights protect the right to be left alone.

Citing Melrose Hotel Co. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 432 F. Supp. 2d 488, 502 (E.D. Pa. 2006),aff’d, 503 F.3d 339 (3d Cir. 2007), the Court noted that the TCPA protects only the privacy interest in seclusion by shielding people from unsolicited messages. The content of the messages is immaterial under the TCPA.

Observing that an unsolicited fax intrudes upon the right to be free from nuisance, the Third Circuit held that the purpose of the TCPA is consistent with the type of injury that the class representative alleged in its complaint.

The Court found, however, that the policy’s protection of the “right of privacy” was limited to a privacy interest the infringement of which depends upon the content of the advertisements: in other words, the privacy right to secrecy.

The Court relied on the Pennsylvania Superior Court case of Telecommunications Network Design v. Brethren – a case involving the exact same questions: identical policy language; identical underlying TCPA violation, and identical claimed damages for that violation – in which the state court ruled that the policy did not cover that injury, because the class representative’s allegations in the class action did not relate to the content of the faxed advertisements. According to the state court in Brethren, the faxes caused the alleged damage because they were received without permission, not because of their content. At no point did the class representative allege that the unsolicited faxes included confidential or otherwise secret information about any of the class members.

Thus, the Third Circuit found that the class representative’s claims were not covered under the policy, and affirmed the judgment of the District Court.

3rd Cir. Holds No TCPA Coverage Under Business Owners Insurance Policy
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Accounts Receivable Management

RMP and Wheeler Mission Ministries – Working Together to Make the World a Better Place

wheeler-3INDIANAPOLIS, Ind. – IMC Credit Services (IMC), an Indianapolis-based accounts receivable and collection service under the Receivables Management Partners (RMP) brand of companies, is holding up RMP’s vision to make the world a better place through their work with a local social services organization, Wheeler Mission Ministries.

Wheeler Mission Ministries is a non-denominational Christian social services organization that provides critically needed goods and services to the homeless, poor, and needy of central Indiana. Founded in 1893, Wheeler has nine locations, dozens of ministries and is the oldest, largest, and most diverse continuously operating ministry of its kind in the state. Their mission is to provide Christ-centered programs and services to the homeless and those in need. The organization provides emergency services and residential programs to men, women, and children, including short and long term shelter, nutritious meals, medical services, and addiction support.

The IMC Charity Committee, Taking it to the Streets, has been organizing volunteer projects in coordination with Wheeler Mission for nearly three years. IMC employees volunteer on a monthly, and sometimes bimonthly, basis serving dinner to hundreds of less-fortunate men from the Indianapolis area. IMC also regularly donates cash and supplies collected in the office. “Seeing so many in need makes me feel so fortunate for what I have been given and inspires me to help others,” said Nikki Hudgens, one of the Taking it to the Streets chairpersons.

“IMC Credit Services has been a great partner for Wheeler Mission,” said Brian Crispin, Director of Marketing for Wheeler Mission Ministries. “In 2016 IMC was a sponsor of our 100 Holes for the Homeless golf fundraiser, and they frequently bring in volunteer groups to help us to serve the hundreds of homeless men, women, and children coming through our doors seeking shelter. Wheeler is extremely grateful for IMC’s support.”

The mission at RMP is to provide the highest quality accounts receivables management services through an industry best standard of professionalism while preserving the dignity and integrity of all members of the community. The company’s vision is to do the right thing, 100 percent of the time, not only for employees and clients, but also for the members of the communities in which they live and work. IMC’s work with Wheeler Mission is just one example of how RMP employees are working every day to make the world a better place.

IMC is dedicated to maintaining its relationship with Wheeler Mission Ministries, and provides each new employee with the opportunity to serve their community at one of their monthly events. One of IMC’s newest team members, CuRonda Shelby, had this to say of her first experience: “I now see how it makes people feel to be able to go somewhere and get a meal. I was touched. I will be volunteering more often and I feel that I was able to make someone happy. That makes me feel grateful for the experience.”

Wheeler Mission Ministries is always looking for more support from the community. You can lend a hand to those in need in Indianapolis by donating money and supplies, or volunteering your time. For more ways you can get involved, visit http://wheelermission.org/.

About RMP

Receivables Management Partners (RMP) is a financial services firm that enables leading healthcare providers to focus on patients instead of payments. Known for its innovative culture and compassionate approach to collections, RMP has grown to over 520 people in nine offices across the U.S. The company proudly serves over 200 hospitals and roughly 30,000 physicians nationwide.

For more information, please visit ReceiveMoreRMP.com

Contacts

 

Karla Wittgren, Marketing Operations Manager

765-744-8456

karla.wittgren@ReceiveMoreRMP.com

 

Ali Bechtel, Digital Marketing Manager

610-916-7247

ali.bechtel@ReceiveMoreRMP.com

 

Alissa Boardman, Charity Committee Facilitator

317-849-6933 x.3188

aboardman@imccreditservices.com

 

RMP and Wheeler Mission Ministries – Working Together to Make the World a Better Place
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Accounts Receivable Management