Spring Oaks Hires David Der as Head of Engineering

RICHMOND, Va. — Spring Oaks Capital, LLC has hired David Der as Head of Engineering. He will report to Chief Technology Officer Paul Hurlocker.

David
joins from Facebook where he served as a software
engineering leader. His team at Facebook focused on building integrity systems for keeping its
platforms and communities safe
from malicious content and actors. Prior to Facebook, he co-founded
Notch with Paul Hurlocker, a machine learning focused consultancy that was
acquired by Capital One in 2017. David is
a transformative leader with deep software
engineering
and machine learning expertise that will further Spring Oaks Capital’s mission
of creating intelligent, engaging customer experiences.

Spring
Oaks Capital is deeply rooted in compliance, technology, and serving as a
consumer-
centric partner to all of
its stakeholders. David has a clear track record of delivering
impactful, real-world data and machine
learning driven solutions at companies like
Facebook, Capital
One, and Red Hat.

Paul
Hurlocker stated, “David is a seasoned technologist, leader, and entrepreneur
that will
be crucial in helping us
build a best-in-class engineering function. We’ve known each other
for a long time, and I’m
thrilled
to have the opportunity to work
closely with him again.”

David added, “I am delighted to be working with Paul
again at one of the most exciting and fastest
growing companies in this space. To be involved in leading transformational
efforts in financial services by
leveraging modern data and machine learning solutions is a vast opportunity and extremely exciting.”

About Spring Oaks Capital, LLC

Spring
Oaks Capital is a national financial technology company, focused on the
acquisition of credit portfolios.
The Company subscribes to an employee and consumer-centric operating philosophy that creates
high-value jobs, a significant performance lift, and the highest standards of compliance. Spring Oaks’ business strategy
is rooted in innovative data-driven
technology to maximize collection results and a contact platform that offers multi-channel options to meet each
consumer’s communication preference. Spring Oaks has the management vision and experience to nurture a culture and DNA that is unique in 
the
space. The executive team maintains deep experience end-to-end across the
consumer finance lifecycle with
some of the largest global banks and innovative FinTech platforms. To learn more about Spring Oaks and our
revolutionary FinTech platform, please visit
www.springoakscapital.com.

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State Financial Regulator Moves Forward to License California Debt Collectors

SACRAMENTO,
Calif. — The Department of Financial Protection and Innovation (DFPI) has
announced that all debt collectors operating in California can now apply to be
licensed by the Department, representing the first step in increased state
oversight that will include an assessment of applications, formal examinations,
and protections for California consumers. Debt collectors, debt buyers, and
debt collection attorneys operating in the state may now submit their license applications online at
the Nationwide Multistate Licensing System (NMLS).

 

The recently
enacted Debt Collection Licensing Act (DCLA), which was passed in the state
Legislature last year as SB 908, requires that all debt collectors submit a
license application prior to Jan. 1, 2022, to continue operating in California
next year.

 

The new law
also authorizes the DFPI to take in borrowers’ complaints and enforce
violations. It will give consumers a single location to check whether companies
are licensed, and whether they have been subject to any enforcement actions,
including license suspensions or revocations.

 

“This is a win
for California consumers and positions us alongside a growing number of states
who offer direct oversight of the industry,” said DFPI Senior Deputy
Commissioner of the Consumer Financial Protection Division Suzanne
Martindale.  “The Department will now have the authority to review
financial information from prospective licensees, conduct formal examinations,
and pursue legal action against those whose engage in unfair, deceptive, or
abusive acts or practices or violate California’s fair debt collection laws.”

 

California is
one of sixteen states that do not currently license debt collectors. The
recently enacted law aligns California with dozens of other states requiring
licensing and examination. The application is available through the NMLS as
of Sept. 1. The application requires debt collectors to submit
financial and other information electronically. 

 

Americans held
more than $13 trillion in debt even before the COVID-19 outbreak and
unemployment soared. Debt collection and debt buying industries have been
historically criticized for their aggressive practices. Despite federal and
state fair debt collection laws having been in place for many years, collection
practices consistently remain a top consumer complaint.

 

From July 2011
to March 2018, the federal Consumer Financial Protection Bureau received more
than 400,000 debt collection complaints, representing nearly one-third of all
complaints received. The most common concerns identified by consumers were
attempts to collect a debt not owed (39%), written notification about debt
(17%), and communication tactics (17%). California accounted for 50,181 of the
total complaints received by CFPB during this period. 

 

Any debt collector collecting debt in the state of
California must submit an application on or
before Friday, Dec.  31, 2021. Once a debt collector has
submitted an application, they may continue operating as a debt
collector in California while the application is
pending.  If an application is submitted after this date,
the applicant will be required to wait for the issuance of a license before
they can continue to operate in the state.  

 

The DFPI is
expecting to license thousands of entities over the next two years.
For further information about debt collectors’ licensing
requirements please refer to the DFPI’s Debt Collectors web page 
and FAQs. A checklist of requirements for the license application is also available on NMLS. To avoid missing important updates, interested parties are strongly encouraged to check the  DFPI website periodically and subscribe to the DFPI’s email subscription service.

 

In addition to
debt collectors, the DFPI licenses and regulates state-chartered banks and
credit unions, commodities and investment advisers, money transmitters,
mortgage servicers, the offer and sale of securities and franchises,
broker-dealers, nonbank installment lenders, Property Assessed Clean Energy
(PACE) program administrators, student-loan servicers, escrow companies, debt
relief companies, rent-to-own contractors, credit repair companies, consumer
credit reporting companies, and more.

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ICYMI: CFPB Takes Action Against Fair Collections & Outsourcing for Misrepresentation and Failing to Investigate ID Theft.

In case you missed it, on August 17, 2021, the CFPB issued a
press
release
in which it announced it filed a proposed settlement agreement to
resolve a lawsuit against Fair Collections and Outsourcing (FCO). The
settlement would require FCO to pay $850,000 and overhaul its policies and procedures. 

The lawsuit
filed by the CFPB on September 25, 2019, alleged that FCO violated the Consumer
Financial Protection Act of 2010, the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), Regulation
V (the Credit Furnisher Rule), and the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
(FDCPA) by:

  • Failing to establish or implement reasonable policies and procedures regarding the accuracy and integrity of the information furnished to consumer reporting companies, specifically concerning indirect disputes (disputes submitted by consumers to credit reporting agencies);
  • failing to conduct reasonable investigations of indirect disputes;
  • continuing to furnish information about disputed accounts alleging ID theft without conducting an investigation; and
  • along with owner, Michael Sobota, telling consumers they owed certain debts when FCO did not have a reasonable basis to assert that the consumers owed those debts.

In addition to paying a civil penalty of $850,000 the settlement
will require FCO and Sobota to:

 [article_ad]

  • Establish, modify, update, and implement policies and procedures regarding the accuracy and integrity of information furnished to consumer reporting agencies.
  • Establish internal controls to identify practices or activities that could compromise the accuracy or integrity of the information it furnishes and to evaluate the effectiveness of its furnishing policies and procedures.
  • Establish an identity theft report review program to identify instances in which FCO received identity theft reports from consumers and take steps to ensure that they handle those reports as required by the FCRA.
  • Have written intake policies and procedures designed to evaluate the quality, completeness, accuracy, and integrity of account information before FCO commences collections.
  • Establish policies and procedures to monitor, evaluate, and address trends in disputes and other indicia of unreliability on accounts for which FCO collects.
  • Retain an independent consultant with specialized experience in consumer-information furnishing and debt collection, approved by the CFPB, to conduct an independent review of FCO’s furnishing and debt collection activities and to make recommendations on policies and procedures, among other things.

The CFPB seemed particularly disturbed by the inaccuracies in
consumer’s credit reports. Regarding FCO’s alleged violations, Acting Director
Dave Uejio stated, “As we recover from the economic devastation caused by
COVID-19, credit reports play a huge role in consumers’ financial lives.
Inaccurate information, such as information related to tenant debt, can be
devastating for someone who’s applying for a loan, seeking a new place to live,
or trying to get a new job. We will not tolerate companies that put inaccurate
data on consumers’ credit reports or fail to investigate consumers’ disputes.”

insideARM Perspective:

This enforcement action and proposed settlement agreement exemplify
the principle that written policies and procedures are crucial. It is no longer
ok (and hasn’t been for quite a while) to have vague outlines of procedures or relay
critical operational information by word of mouth. To have a sufficient
compliance management system, ARM entities must document their policies, include
written specific procedures, train employees, and audit procedures to ensure they
are working. 

The lawsuit filed against FCO is instructive in determining
the CFPB’s expectations; it provides a tremendous amount of detail into FCO’s
missteps as perceived by the CFPB. For example, among other allegations, in
support of its assertion that FCO’s policies and procedures were inadequate, the
CFPB noted training materials provided to employees, (1) were limited and did
not cover many types of disputes; (2) had not been updated in at least seven
years; (3) did not advise employees to review the substance or details of
disputes; and (4) were not audited.

Another interesting point to note here is that this lawsuit
and settlement agreement imply that a debt collector is responsible for vetting
information received from its clients. Per the lawsuit, FCO should have noticed
high rates of disputes on certain portfolios, and these high dispute rates
should have alerted FCO and its sole owner Michael Sobota that there was a problem.
According to the CFPB’s allegations, attempting to collect those debts without
consulting its clients about the reliability of their information was false,
deceptive, and misleading in violation of the FDCPA.

However, before anyone assumes the CFPB is trying to impose
a debt substantiation requirement on debt collectors, it’s important to note
that Reg F was published less than a year ago – after the CFPB filed its
lawsuit against FCO. If the CFPB really wanted to impose a substantiation requirement,
they certainly could have found a way to do so in Reg F.

That said, like with all CFPB related things, ARM entities
should continue to watch for trends and at least implement the basic things we
know, such as developing, maintaining, and auditing policies and
procedures.  We cannot stress this
enough: a company that fails to implement basic policies, procedures, training,
and auditing does so at its peril. 

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California Posts Debt Collection License Application to NMLS

On August 25, 2021, the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation (DFPI) announced that a checklist of the requirements needed to obtain a California Collection License is now available on Nationwide Multistate Licensing System & Registry (NMLS). The application will be available on NMLS starting September 1, 2021. After an initial application is received, instructions will follow on completing fingerprinting requirements.

The Debt Collection Licensing Act (Fin. Code § 100000 et seq.) (DCLA) requires any person engaging in the business of debt collection in California to be licensed by the DFPI. Debt collectors collecting debt in the state of California must submit an application on or before Friday, December 31, 2021. Once a debt collector submits an application, it may continue operating as a debt collector in California while the application is pending. If an application is submitted after December 31, 2021, the debt collector will be required to wait for the issuance of a license before operating in California. (Fin. Code § 100000.5(c)). 

The following entities are required to obtain a license to engage in the business of debt collection in California pursuant to the DCLA:

  • Any person who, in the ordinary course of business, regularly, on the person’s own behalf or on behalf of others, engages in debt collection.
  • Any person who composes and sells, or offers to compose and sell, forms, letters, and other collection media used or intended to be used for debt collection. 
  • Any person who engages in the business of a debt buyer. A debt buyer is any person or entity who regularly engages in the business of purchasing charged-off consumer debt for collection purposes, whether it collects the debt itself, hires a third party for collection, or hires an attorney-at-law for collection litigation.

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Since the licensing requirement goes into effect on January 1, 2022, the DFPI strongly recommends that debt collectors start gathering the necessary information to ensure the timely filing of their application by December 31, 2021. Failure to submit an application by this deadline and continued operation without a license may result in enforcement actions.

For further information about debt collection licensing requirements please refer to the DFPI’s Debt Collectors web page and FAQs.

To avoid missing important updates, the DFPI strongly encourages those entities which are subject to the new licensing requirement to check the DFPI website periodically and subscribe to the DFPI’s email subscription service.

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Are “No Injury” FCRA Lawsuits in The Rearview Mirror? Yes, according to two recent court decisions.

When a
consumer is denied credit due to an inaccuracy in their consumer report they can
prevail on a claim against the CRA who issued the report under Section 1681e(b)
of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”). This section requires CRAs to follow
reasonable procedures to assure the maximum possible accuracy of the
information in their reports. But what if nothing bad actually happened to the
consumer as a result of the the inaccuracy? Do they still have an FCRA claim? Recent
decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court in TransUnion v. Ramirez[1] and
the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
[2]
in
 Leoni v. Experian Info.
Solutions
[3]
have said no. These decisions show how CRAs can defeat “no injury” FCRA
lawsuits.

TransUnion v. Ramirez

The issue in this
case was whether Article III of the Constitution permits a class action where
the vast majority of the class suffered no actual injury, let alone an injury
anything like what the class representative suffered.
 

Background

In 2002, TransUnion introduced a
product called OFAC Name Screen Alert. When a business used the product
TransUnion would conduct its ordinary credit check of the consumer, and it
would also use third-party software to compare the consumer’s name against the
U. S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) list of
terrorists, drug traffickers, and other serious criminals. If the consumer’s
first and last name matched the first and last name of an individual on OFAC’s
list, TransUnion would place an alert on their report indicating that the
consumer’s name was a “potential match” to a name on the OFAC list. TransUnion
did not compare any data other than first and last names. Sergio Ramirez was unable to purchase a
car after his report included such an alert. 

Ramirez brought a FCRA class action on behalf of 8,185 individuals with OFAC
alerts in their TransUnion credit files, claiming that TransUnion had failed to
use reasonable procedures to ensure the maximum possible accuracy of their
credit files. Only 1,853 of those class members had reports containing
misleading OFAC alerts provided to third parties as had Ramirez.  

Decision

The Supreme Court held that only 1,853 class members,
including Ramirez, had
Article III
standing to sue TransUnion for failing to use reasonable procedures to assure
the accuracy of each report under the FCRA: “Article III confides the federal
judicial power to the resolution of ‘Cases’ and ‘Controversies.’”  “For
there to be a case or controversy under Article III, the plaintiff must have a
‘personal stake’ in the case—in other words, standing.” Sufficiently
establishing standing requires that a plaintiff show “(i) that he suffered an
injury in fact that is concrete, particularized, and actual or imminent;
(ii) that the injury was likely caused by the defendant; and (iii) that the
injury would likely be redressed by judicial relief.” 

Most Class Members Lacked “Concrete Injury”

The Supreme Court held that the 6,332 class members who did not have reports containing OFAC alerts
provided to third parties lacked the “concrete injury” required for
Article III standing: “The mere presence
of an inaccuracy in an internal credit file, if it is not disclosed to a third
party, causes no concrete harm.” 

Leoni v. Experian
Info. Solutions

The issue in this case was whether Experian had willfully or negligently violated the
FCRA when it included the wrong date for a bankruptcy in the plaintiff’s
report.

Background

David Leoni sued
Experian regarding an error in his consumer report. Leoni alleged the report
erroneously stated that he owed a debt to Military
Star
that had been previously discharged in
bankruptcy. Leoni requested that Experian reinvestigate. The investigation
report subsequently sent to Leoni stated that the Military
Star
debt was discharged, but incorrectly
noted that the debt was “included in Chapter 13 Bankruptcy on November 08,
2016” when it actually had been discharged several months earlier. Leoni’s FCRA
lawsuit was entirely based on this misdating issue.

Analysis
of “Willful” and “Negligent” FCRA Claims

The Court
first analyzed whether Experian committed a willful violation of the FCRA. To
prevail on this claim, Leoni would have to demonstrate that Experian “knowingly
violated the statute or recklessly disregarded its requirements.”  The
Court found that the record did not raise a material issue of fact that
Experian knowingly or recklessly changed the “included in bankruptcy” date.

The Court next
analyzed Leoni’s negligence claim, which it held required a showing of  “actual damages”. Leoni claimed that (1) he “avoided applying for credit
for fear of being denied”; (2) “the inaccurate information could serve as a factor
in Experian credit scores”; (3) he “suffered sleepless nights,” i.e.,
emotional distress; (4) he incurred “transportation costs”; and (5) “lost time
considering issues related to the inaccurate credit reporting.” The Court found
that Leoni had failed to offer proof of some of his
purported damages, and that some of the categories were not compensable.

Specifically, the Court
found that (1) Leoni admitted that he feared credit denials not because of the “included
in” bankruptcy date, but because of the bankruptcy on his record; (2) Leoni had
no evidence that the “included in bankruptcy” date lowered his credit score, as
opposed to the bankruptcy itself; (3) Leoni admitted that his sleeplessness was
related “to the fact that there’s a bankruptcy on [his] credit report” and the
fact that his wife was “not sleeping well, [so] I don’t sleep because I’m
worried about her,” instead of “anything specific[] to Military Star”; (4) Leoni
had no legal authority in support of his claim of damages for the cost of
traveling to his attorneys’ office or the time he spent reviewing the credit reports;
and (5) several district courts have declined to recognize such expenses as
damages when they were incurred for the sole purpose of correcting inaccurate
reporting. 


How CRA’s Can Benefit


The TransUnion v. Ramirez decision raises the bar for plaintiffs to establish standing in federal court for FCRA violations. Plaintiffs must be able to show concrete harm in the form of monetary, reputational or emotional injury, and cannot rely on the mere violation of a statutory right nor the risk of future harm created by such a violation. This test will often make class certification more difficult. The Leoni v. Experian decision demonstrates that the FCRA’s “actual damages” requirement for negligence claims is alive and well. Plaintiffs who cannot tie their claimed damages to specific inaccuracies in their reports should not prevail, and costs incurred to correct inaccurate reporting should be inadequate.

Feel free to contact Joseph Messer at (312) 334-3440 or jmesser@messerstrickler.com for assistance in determining whether these decisions can help you, or if you have questions regarding FCRA in general.


[1]
TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 594 U.S.____ (2021) (decided June
25, 2021)

[2]
The Ninth Circuit is the Federal Court of Appeals for the federal courts in Arizona,
Alaska, California, Guam, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon and Washington
state.

[3] 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS
17687 (9th Cir. June 14. 2021)

 

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TCN Launches “The Complete Guide to Managing Call Center Agents,” a Free Online Resource for Managers

ST. GEORGE, UT — TCN, Inc., a global provider of a comprehensive
cloud-based call center platform for enterprises, contact centers, BPOs and
collection agencies, today announced the launch of 
“The Complete
Guide to Managing Call Center Agents,”
 a free online resource
for managers.

“Managing a busy
call center is no easy task, which is why we’ve created our online guide to
help managers unlock their agents’ soft and hard skills that are essential to
developing powerful customer experiences,” said McKay Bird, chief marketing
officer at TCN. “Call center agents are an integral part of customer service
and it’s vital that they feel valued and acknowledged in order to best serve
customers.”

TCN’s online guide
offers numerous strategies and best practices for keeping call center agents
engaged and working efficiently. These include onboarding and ongoing training
of agents, leveraging automated customer service technology tools, listening to
agent feedback, nurturing agent/customer relationships, offering performance
incentives, exceeding customer expectations and managing remote and WFH agents.

The guide also
takes a deep dive into specific call center software tools, such as Workforce
Optimization and Workforce Management, that can assist with agent coaching and
agent performance, including the use of Voice and Speech Analytics, Business
Intelligence and KPI data. It also highlights the power of gamification in the
call center workplace to enhance the daily workflow of call center agents, how
to use post-call surveys of customers to generate constructive feedback and how
to manage compliance issues, especially the regulations of the Telephone
Consumer Protection Act (TCPA), through the training and management of agents.

TCN’s “The
Complete Guide to Managing Call Center Agents” adds to the company’s wealth of
informational resources on its website for call centers and contact centers,
including “Understanding STIR/SHAKEN,” a business guide to the new FCC framework
for combating illegal caller ID spoofing and “The Complete Guide To TCPA
Compliance,” as well as case studies, informational videos and white papers.

About TCN, Inc.

TCN is a global provider of a comprehensive, cloud-based call center platform
for enterprises, contact centers, business process outsourcing firms (BPOs) and
collection agencies. Founded in 1999, TCN combines a deep understanding of the
needs of call centers with a unique approach to pricing – no contracts, monthly
minimums or maintenance fees – that supports rapid scaling and instant
flexibility to changing business needs. TCN’s flagship platform for contact
centers, TCN Operator, features a holistic set of easy-to-use, automated agent
tools and advanced apps for omnichannel communications, workforce engagement,
compliance & data management, integration & automation, intelligence,
reporting & analytics and collaboration & accessibility. Its suite of
compliance tools helps businesses meet the requirements of the Telephone Consumer
Protection Act (TCPA) and other state and federal regulations, including new
and updated debt collection rules issued by the Consumer Financial Protection
Bureau. TCN Operator integrates seamlessly with leading APIs and is accessible
to agents with visual impairments. TCN is trusted by Fortune 500 companies and
enterprises of all sizes in multiple industries in many countries. For more information , visithttps://www.tcn.com/ and follow on Twitter @tcn.

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Central Portfolio Control Raises Money for St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital

MINNETONKA, Minn. — Central Portfolio Control, Inc (CPC) hosted a Summer Party in July to celebrate employee
achievement, enjoy time with family and friends, and raise money for another
great cause. The Minnetonka, MN-based collection agency was able to donate over
$1,700 for
St.
Jude Children’s Research Hospital (St. Jude’s)
from the party’s dunk tank donations to support children
undergoing treatment for disease. Another in a succession of
charity-driven employee events, the team raised money for St. Jude Children’s Hospital
while they and their families enjoyed games and food from local favorite,
Veteran-owned,
GI Joe’s food truck.

Fun For A Good Cause


Employees gave a $5 donation to St. Jude’s for three chances to
dunk one of five members of CPC’s executive management team in the dunk tank.
Spectators enjoyed snow cones and a good laugh for a good cause. “I didn’t
think we had so many great pitchers on our team,” jokes
Central Portfolio Control’s President, Alicia Lesher, “we had so much fun bringing everyone together and our
team always finds a way to give back.
Community service is
part of who we are; I’m proud to be part of such a compassionate corporate
culture.”


Charity-Centric Culture


Service is a common theme at CPC, and the employees dedicate
themselves to not only serving the local community but also providing
superior customer service to clients and their customers. The Company values
align with the great work that organizations, like St. Jude, do for those in
need. Some CPC employees have been personally impacted by childhood disease and
the medical costs associated with healthcare. The team rallies together to
support charitable organizations that team members are passionate about,
keeping them very engaged with each other and our community. Other charities
that CPC supports include
Sharing & Caring Hands, the Ronald McDonald House at Children’s Minneapolis Hospital, and more.


Employee Engagement 

Central Portfolio Control prioritizes the well-being and
satisfaction of its employees
. They are
the core of the operation and the Company’s strong corporate culture of
professionalism, performance, and compliance. CPC has an unwavering commitment
to integrity, ethical business practices, and employee engagement. Helping
employees find additional happiness by giving back to organizations of their
choice, they have
carefully built a company culture that cultivates success and employee empowerment. 


CPC is proud to support St. Jude and contribute to finding cures
and saving children, and they encourage others to join them in their support.
If you would like to support St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, please
visit
stjude.org.


About St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital

St. Jude Children’s
Research Hospital
, founded in 1962, is a
pediatric treatment and research facility focused on children’s catastrophic
diseases, particularly leukemia and other cancers. The hospital costs about
$2.8 million a day to run, but patients are not charged for their care. It is headquartered
in Memphis, Tennessee with eight affiliate clinics across the U.S. It is a
nonprofit medical corporation designated as a 501c tax-exempt organization by
the Internal Revenue Service. St. Jude treats infants, children, teens, and
young adults up to age 21 and for some conditions, age 25.


About Central Portfolio Control


Headquartered in Minnetonka, MN, Central
Portfolio Control (CPC)
is a full service
and nationally licensed collection agency focused on the recovery of distressed
accounts receivable. CPC is very active in supporting charitable organizations
that are meaningful to team members and allowing them to maintain an
exceptional corporate culture. Since being founded in 1998, our team has continued
to grow the company and provide top-quality services to our clients and jobs to
our local community. 

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10th Circuit Says Single Phone Call is Sufficient for Standing, Blasts Defense Counsel for Presenting Bona Fide Error Defense Without Procedures.

In an appeal that can only be described at best as a head-scratcher,
in its attempt to pursue a bona fide error defense without producing a written procedure,
a debt collector managed only to give consumers a path forward on Article III
standing issues. On August 17, 2021, in
the case of Lupia v. Mericredit Inc. (Case #20-1294, 10th Cir),
the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals held (1) a single unanswered telephone call/voicemail
made to a consumer is sufficient for standing, and (2) a bona fide error
defense requires the production of procedures.

The Background:

The facts of the Lupia case are simple: Mericredit
Inc. (Mericredit) received a dispute, cease and desist letter from the consumer. The next day, before Mericredit processed the letter,
it called the consumer again and left a voicemail when she did not pick up the
call. This phone call is the sole basis for the consumer’s Debt Collection Practices
Act (FDCPA) suit. In response, Mericredit alleged that the consumer
lacked Article III standing to bring the suit and raised a bona fide error
defense.

Although Mericredit claimed that calling the consumer after
she sent a dispute and cease and desist letter resulted from a bona fide error,
it failed to provide a mail handling procedure. At the discovery phase, Mericredit claimed
that such policies “do not exist.” At the summary judgment phase, it described
its mail procedure generally and submitted an affidavit from its Senior Vice
President of Operations that indicated it generally takes about three days to
enter cease and desists into their system.

Ultimately, the district court granted summary judgment in the
consumer’s favor and, despite its failure to produce any written procedures in support of its bona fide error defense, Mericredit filed an appeal. Interestingly,
although the August 17, 2021, opinion focuses heavily on standing, the appellant
brief
filed by Mericredit was based on the bona fide error defense,
not the standing issue.

Standing:

Although Ms. Lupia did not pick up the phone, did not speak
to a collector, and did not allege specific damages, the Tenth Circuit held receiving the call and voicemail was
sufficient for Article III standing. The court cited Spokeo v. Robins578 U.S. 330 (2016) for
the principle that “concrete” doesn’t necessarily mean “tangible” and then looked
to whether an intangible harm has a close relationship to a harm that has traditionally
been regarded as providing a basis for a lawsuit in English or American courts. Deciding whether an injury is similar to
harms that have traditionally provided a basis for a lawsuit does not require a
finding that the harm is to the same degree as that which has been historically
required. Instead, the analysis is whether the alleged harm “poses the same
kind of harm.”

In its analysis, the court focused on the tort of intrusion
upon seclusion, which protects people against those who intrude on their solitude.
According to the court, the unwanted call and voicemail left for the consumer
after she sent a dispute and a request to cease calls is an injury that bears “a
close relationship” to this historic cause of action, even where no specific damages
were alleged. According to the court, since the harm alleged by Ms. Lupia (i.e. receiving unwanted calls after she asked for them to stop) bore a close relationship to the tort of intrusion upon seclusion, this case is factually distinguishable from Transunion v. Ramirez in which the plaintiffs who lacked standing were unable to show that their harms tracked the requirements for a traditionally recognized cause of action. 

Regarding the flurry
of Seventh Circuit cases regarding standing
,
the court noted that those
cases preceded the SCOTUS decision in TransUnion, and none of them involved telephone calls received after a dispute.
The only case to address a call  to a consumer after a cease and desist request was sent to the
debt collector, dealt with complaints of “stress
and confusion” not an invasion of privacy.  

The Bona Fide Error Defense:

Mericredit did not deny calling the consumer; instead
Mericredit argued the call was the result of a bona fide error. It is well
settled legal doctrine that to prevail on a bona fide error defense a debt
collector must show that the violation (1) was unintentional; (2) a bona fide
error; and (3) made despite procedures reasonably adapted to avoid the
violation. Despite the clear requirements of element number three, Mericredit
moved forward on this defense without having any written procedures. As
mentioned above, the district court didn’t buy it and Mericredit’s bona fide
error defense was unsuccessful.

On appeal, although couched in various legal and procedural
theories, Mericredit essentially argued that the district court erred in
entering summary judgment for the consumer because she had a burden to disprove
that the Mericredit’s policies were reasonably adapted to prevent the type of
error from occurring. Mericredit claimed that by failing to disprove that the phone
call was the result of a bona fide error, the consumer conceded the point.

In response, the Tenth Circuit took a moment to provide a
civil procedure lesson to Mericredit and its counsel. Specifically, the court
noted, when a party raises an affirmative defense, like bona fide error, that
party must prove all of the elements of that defense. In other words, if a debt
collector says a violation of the FDCPA is the result of a bona fide error, the
debt collector needs to prove the three elements required for that defense.

According to the court, Mericredit and its counsel got this standard backward. By failing to present any procedures in support of its bona fide error defense, the defense was insufficient. 
Further, the court reasoned that even if Mericredit had produced a
procedure, those procedures (i.e. 3 days to process mail) are not reasonably
adapted to prevent such an error from occurring, thus the bona fide error
defense would still fail.

The full opinion can be found here.

insideARM Perspective

In this hyper-regulated and litigious environment in which we exist, it is crucial—absolutely crucial—that collection agencies and their attorneys appeal the right cases. Of course, there are no guarantees regarding how a court will rule, nor am I suggesting that collection agencies adopt a hyper risk-averse approach, but when a case is a Loser (yes with a capital L) like this one, no good can come from appealing it.

Regardless of the procedural window dressing Mericredit and
its counsel put into its brief
, ultimately, there is no conceivable way Mericredit
could have been successful on a bona fide error defense without producing a
procedure. I wanted to give Mericredit and its counsel the benefit of the doubt;
I thought maybe they focused their appeal on standing grounds and threw the bona
fide error stuff in as an extra. Unfortunately, however, it seems the bona fide
error argument (again- without any supporting procedure!) was the crux of their appeal. It seems Mericredit, and presumably its counsel, thought they could be successful on a bona fide error defense without producing a single written procedure.

Let that sink in: a debt collector, without having a written
mail procedure, attempted to argue that it had “reasonable procedures in place”
… in a brief filed in 2020. What??? How?? Not only did they argue this in the district court, they took this misguided argument all the way up to the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals.

So, what was the net result? Mericredit succeeded only in racking up more attorney fees for
the consumer’s counsel and garnering an opinion that diminishes the ground the
ARM industry has made on standing over the last year. For a bonus, we now have
an opinion coming from the Tenth Circuit which unequivocally states
that a phone call is akin to the tort of invasion of solitude.  Rest assured future cases filed by consumer
attorneys across the country will cite this language or a variation of it.

Assuming there was some prohibition to settling the matter
pre-judgment, Mericredit should have taken its proverbial lumps when it lost at summary
judgment. This case proves that no good comes from appealing a Loser of a case.
It is also a stark reminder that (1) written policies and procedures are necessary,
and (2) when defending FDCPA actions, it is imperative that ARM entities find counsel
who are experienced and knowledgeable in that area of the law and can see the
bigger picture.

10th Circuit Says Single Phone Call is Sufficient for Standing, Blasts Defense Counsel for Presenting Bona Fide Error Defense Without Procedures.
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6th Cir. Holds Mere Confusion Does Not Impart Article III Standing, Reverses FDCPA Ruling in Favor of Defendant

The U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit recently reversed a trial court order
granting summary judgment in favor of the defendant on a consumer’s claim that
the defendant violated the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act.

In so ruling, the Sixth Circuit
held that, even though the defendant’s failure to properly identify itself in
the phone calls confused the plaintiff and led to him sending a cease and
desist request to the wrong entity, confusion by itself does not establish “a
concrete injury for Article III purposes.” 

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Therefore, the Court held, the
consumer did not suffer “more than a bare procedural violation of the FDCPA” as
required to establish the standing necessary to pursue his claims. 

A copy of
the opinion in Ward v. Nat’l Patient Account
Servs.
 is available at:  Link to Opinion.

The
consumer incurred medical expenses after treatment with a medical provider. The
provider hired a company to collect the debt. The collection company allegedly
left several voice messages while attempting to collect the debt.

The consumer filed suit alleging
claims against the collection company (“defendant”) under the FDCPA arising out
of the alleged voice mails where the defendant did not accurately identify
itself.  The consumer claimed that the defendant’s failure to accurately
provide its correct legal name confused him.  As a result of this
confusion, the consumer allegedly sent a cease and desist letter to the wrong
entity.

Specifically, the consumer
claimed that the defendant violated section 1692d(6) of the FDCPA, which
provides that a “debt collector may not engage in any conduct the natural
consequence of which is to harass, oppress, or abuse any person in connection
with the collection of a debt[,]” including the “placement of telephone calls
without meaningful disclosure of the caller’s identity.” 

The consumer also claimed that
the defendant violated section 1692e(14), which provides that a “debt collector
may not use any false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in
connection with the collection of any debt[,]” including “us[ing] any
business, company, or organization name other than the true name of the debt
collector’s business, company, or organization.”

The defendant moved for summary
judgment arguing that it did not meet the definition of a debt collector under
the FDCPA, and the trial court granted the motion. This appeal followed.

On appeal, the defendant argued
that the consumer lacked Article III standing. Although the defendant did not
raise this issue with the trial court, the Sixth Circuit observed that it has
an independent obligation to determine its jurisdiction to hear an appeal.

As you may recall, standing
requires that the “plaintiff must have (1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) that
is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3) that is
likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.” The plaintiff bears
the burden of setting forth facts that demonstrate standing. 

The issue in this appeal was
whether the plaintiff suffered an injury in fact. This requires that “the
injury must be (1) particularized and (2) concrete.”  The dispute here
concerned whether the consumer suffered a concrete injury. 

The consumer claimed that he
suffered a concrete injury for two reasons. First, he argued that the violation
of his procedural rights under the FDCPA established a concrete injury. Second,
he claimed that the confusion caused by the phone calls and expense of the
counsel that he retained demonstrated that he suffered a concrete injury. 

The Sixth Circuit observed that
in TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, the
Supreme Court of the United States recently clarified what is required to show
that a violation of a procedural right established a concrete injury and, as a
result, the plaintiff “must show either that the procedural harm itself is a
concrete injury of the sort traditionally recognized or that the procedural
violations caused an independent concrete injury.”  After conducting that
inquiry here, the Sixth Circuit concluded that the consumer lacked Article III
standing to pursue his alleged claims.

As a result of the alleged FDCPA
violations the consumer argued that the FDCPA created an enforceable right to
know who is calling about a debt because the defendant’s failure to correctly
provide its full legal name concretely harmed him. The consumer further argued
that this harm is closely related to the invasion of privacy harm that most
states recognize. 

The Sixth Circuit rejected the
consumer’s argument because the defendant’s alleged failure to disclose its
full legal name does not resemble a traditional harm “regarded as providing a
basis for a lawsuit,” as required to establish a concrete injury. 

The Sixth Circuit acknowledged
that most states recognize actions to enforce the right of privacy, including
“the tort of intrusion upon one’s right to seclusion.” However, the Court noted
that not receiving full and complete information about the name of a defendant does
not closely resemble the tort of intrusion upon seclusion because this common
law tort typically requires proof that the defendant “intentionally intrude[d],
physically or otherwise, upon the solitude or seclusion of another or his
privacy affairs or concerns.”

The consumer’s alleged harm did
not impact his privacy.  Instead, it merely confused him. The defendant
did not share his private information with a third party or publicize his
private information. Thus, the Sixth Circuit found that the consumer’s claimed
harm did “not bear a close relationship to traditional harms” and the consumer
could not establish standing based solely upon the alleged statutory
violations.

The consumer advanced several
additional reasons for why he suffered a concrete injury that stemmed from the
alleged statutory violation. First, the consumer claimed that the defendant’s
failure to properly identify itself in the phone calls confused him and led to
him sending a cease and desist request to the wrong entity. The Sixth Circuit
rejected this argument, because confusion by itself does not establish “a
concrete injury for Article III purposes.”

The consumer next argued that he
retained counsel to stop the calls and that this action constitutes a concrete
harm flowing from the statutory violation. The Sixth Circuit disagreed that the
expense of hiring counsel established a concrete harm because applying this
“logic to any plaintiff who hires counsel to affirmatively pursue a claim would
nullify the limits created under Article III.”

Finally, the consumer argued that
an additional call that he received after he sent his cease and desist letter
to the wrong entity concretely harmed him. The Sixth Circuit declined to
consider this argument because the consumer did not clearly allege in his
complaint that he received another phone call after sending the cease and
desist letter or that this additional call harmed him.

Thus, the Sixth Circuit held that
consumer did not demonstrate that he suffered “more than a bare procedural
violation of the FDCPA” and that he lacked Article III standing to pursue his
claims. Therefore, the Sixth Circuit vacated the trial court’s order granting
summary judgment and remanded the case to be dismissed without prejudice for
lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

6th Cir. Holds Mere Confusion Does Not Impart Article III Standing, Reverses FDCPA Ruling in Favor of Defendant
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California DFPI Invites Comments for Debt Collection Licensing Act

SACRAMENTO, Calif. — On April 8, 2021, the Commissioner initiated a rulemaking to
adopt regulations related to the requirements for licensure under the Debt
Collection Licensing Act (“DCLA”). The Commissioner is now considering a 
second
rulemaking to adopt regulations related to other provisions of the
DCLA, including its scope, annual reports, and bond amounts.

The Commissioner invites interested parties to provide input in
developing regulations related to these topics and has formulated questions to
assist such parties in providing this input. The Commissioner also invites
interested parties to provide example language for regulations related to these
topics.

The invitation and questions may be found here: PRO 05-21 – Invitation for Comments on Proposed Second Rulemaking Under the Debt Collection licensing Act (PDF)

The deadline to submit comments under this invitation is Monday,
October 5, 2021.

NOTE: To ensure you receive future notices about the second DCLA
rulemaking,  visit www.dfpi.ca.gov and
select the “Subscribe” button at the bottom of the page. After logging in,
select the “Debt Collection Licensing Act Regulations” list under the
“Regulations” category.

California DFPI Invites Comments for Debt Collection Licensing Act
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